The province of Al Anbar, the only Sunni–dominated province in Iraq, saw little fighting in the initial 2003 invasion of Iraq. Following the fall of Baghdad it was occupied by the U.S. Army's 82nd Airborne Division. Violence began on 28 April 2003 when 17 Iraqis were killed in Fallujah by U.S. soldiers during an anti-American demonstration. In early 2004 the United States Army relinquished command of the province to the U.S. Marine Corps under coalition command Multi-National Force West. By the spring of 2004 the province was in full-scale revolt against the Americans, and savage fighting occurred in both Fallujah and Ramadi by the end of 2004, including the Second Battle of Fallujah. Violence escalated throughout 2005 and 2006 as U.S. and Iraqi forces struggled to secure the Western Euphrates River Valley. During this time, Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) became the main Sunni insurgent group in the province and turned the provincial capital of Ramadi into its stronghold. The Marine Corps issued an intelligence report in late 2006 declaring that the province had been lost to insurgents.
In the fall of 2006, several Iraqi tribes located near Ramadi and led by Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha revolted against Al Qaeda in Iraq. The tribes formed the Anbar Awakening and helped turn the tide of revolt in favor of the U.S. military. U.S. and Iraqi tribal forces regained control of Ramadi in early 2007, as well as other cities such as Hīt, Haditha, Rutbah, and Al Qaim. During the summer of 2007 the U.S. turned its attention to eastern Anbar Province and secured the cities of Fallujah and Al-Karmah. The majority of the fighting was over by September 2007, although U.S. forces maintained a stability and advisory role for over two more years. Celebrating the victory, President George W. Bush flew to Anbar in September 2007 to congratulate Sheik Sattar and other leading tribal figures. Sattar was assassinated days later by AQI. In September 2008, political control of Anbar Province was transferred to Iraq. Military control was also transferred in June 2009, following the withdrawal of American combat forces from cities in Anbar Province. The Marine Corps officially withdrew all its forces and was replaced by the US Army in January 2010. The Army withdrew its combat units in Anbar by August 2010, leaving only advisory and support units. The last U.S. forces withdrew on 7 December 2011.
In the fall of 2006, several Iraqi tribes located near Ramadi and led by Sheikh Abdul Sattar Abu Risha revolted against Al Qaeda in Iraq. The tribes formed the Anbar Awakening and helped turn the tide of revolt in favor of the U.S. military. U.S. and Iraqi tribal forces regained control of Ramadi in early 2007, as well as other cities such as Hīt, Haditha, Rutbah, and Al Qaim. During the summer of 2007 the U.S. turned its attention to eastern Anbar Province and secured the cities of Fallujah and Al-Karmah. The majority of the fighting was over by September 2007, although U.S. forces maintained a stability and advisory role for over two more years. Celebrating the victory, President George W. Bush flew to Anbar in September 2007 to congratulate Sheik Sattar and other leading tribal figures. Sattar was assassinated days later by AQI. In September 2008, political control of Anbar Province was transferred to Iraq. Military control was also transferred in June 2009, following the withdrawal of American combat forces from cities in Anbar Province. The Marine Corps officially withdrew all its forces and was replaced by the US Army in January 2010. The Army withdrew its combat units in Anbar by August 2010, leaving only advisory and support units. The last U.S. forces withdrew on 7 December 2011.
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